🍯 The Power of Honey and Apple Cider Vinegar: A Natural Daily Tonic for Health and Healing
In the world of natural remedies, few combinations are as simple, powerful, and time-tested as honey and apple cider vinegar. When combined in warm water and taken regularly, this dynamic duo becomes more than a folk remedy—it becomes a daily practice in vitality, digestion, and whole-body wellness.
🌿 The Simple Recipe
This recipe was shared by renowned herbalist Dr. John R. Christopher, a pioneer in natural healing whose wisdom continues to guide generations of herbal practitioners.
1 tablespoon raw honey
1 tablespoon apple cider vinegar (ACV)
Stir into a cup of warm (not hot) water
Sip slowly
Repeat three times daily
By the end of the day, you’ll have consumed a total of 3 tablespoons of each.
📌 Important: Be sure to use raw, unfiltered apple cider vinegar (with “the mother”) and raw, unpasteurized honey. Never substitute distilled white vinegar or processed honey, which lack the healing enzymes and nutrients your body needs.
🍎 Why Apple Cider Vinegar?
Apple cider vinegar has been used medicinally for centuries and praised by herbalists like Dr. Christopher and Dr. Bernard Jensen. Its benefits include:
Digestive support: Stimulates stomach acid for better digestion and nutrient absorption
Detoxification: Promotes gentle liver cleansing and helps alkalize the body
Blood sugar balance: May reduce blood sugar spikes after meals
Antimicrobial: Helps combat harmful bacteria and support a healthy gut microbiome
Heart health: Some studies suggest modest reductions in cholesterol and blood pressure
The fermentation process produces acetic acid, enzymes, and beneficial bacteria that make raw ACV a living food and natural tonic.
🍯 The Healing Power of Honey
Honey is more than just a sweetener—it’s a natural medicine. As noted by herbal traditions and the writings of Samuel Thomson and ancient healers:
Antibacterial & antifungal: Raw honey can fight infection and soothe sore throats
Soothing for the gut: Helps relieve ulcers, indigestion, and gastritis
Rich in antioxidants: Protects cells from oxidative stress
Energy booster: Provides quick natural energy with vitamins, minerals, and enzymes
Cough relief: Time-tested remedy for calming a nighttime cough
When paired with apple cider vinegar, it also helps neutralize the sour taste, making the tonic more palatable and enjoyable to drink.
💧 Why Warm Water?
Warm water helps dissolve the honey more easily and makes the drink soothing and easier to digest. Cold water can slow digestion, while hot water may destroy some of the living enzymes in raw honey and vinegar. Think of warm water as the perfect delivery system for these healing ingredients.
🌞 A Morning and Evening Ritual
Many people find that drinking this tonic:
Before meals improves digestion
In the morning helps stimulate energy and cleanse the system
Before bed soothes the gut and promotes restful sleep
🛑 A Few Gentle Precautions
Always rinse your mouth or brush your teeth after drinking, as the acidity can weaken enamel over time.
Consult your healthcare provider if you have acid reflux, diabetes, or are taking medications—especially potassium-lowering drugs or diuretics.
✨ Natural, Affordable, and Time-Tested
This remedy—learned from Dr. John R. Christopher—is simple, affordable, and based on centuries of folk wisdom and natural health teaching. It doesn’t come in a plastic bottle or with a commercial jingle—just the healing gifts of bees and apples.
So go ahead—mix a glass of honey and apple cider vinegar today. Your body will thank you.
Cayenne pepper isn’t just a spice—it’s one of the most powerful herbal remedies in natural medicine, revered by pioneers like Samuel Thomson and Dr. John R. Christopher. These two legendary herbalists saw cayenne not only as food but as medicine for the people—accessible, effective, and life-saving.
Samuel Thomson, often called the father of American herbalism, promoted cayenne as a key remedy to restore heat and vitality to the body. In his system, which emphasized keeping the body’s internal heat up to prevent disease, cayenne was used to stimulate circulation, break up stagnation, and invigorate weakened systems.
Dr. John R. Christopher—beloved founder of The School of Natural Healing—called cayenne “the king of herbs.” He famously said that if he could only take one herb with him, it would be cayenne. Why? Because of its incredible versatility. Cayenne strengthens the heart, stops bleeding, improves digestion, relieves pain, reduces inflammation, and supercharges the entire circulatory system. It’s even been used in emergency situations for heart attack and shock!
Modern studies now support what these herbalists knew intuitively: cayenne contains capsaicin, a compound that reduces pain, boosts metabolism, and enhances cardiovascular health. But beyond the science, cayenne invites us into deeper awareness of our own healing. It teaches us to wake up, to feel, and to circulate life within our bodies.
When used wisely, cayenne can be a powerful ally in your healing journey. Below is a traditional method for gradually introducing cayenne into your daily routine.
🌶️ Cayenne Dosage: A Gradual Introduction to the King of Herbs
Start with a small amount and let your body adjust to the heat. Here’s how Dr. John R. Christopher recommended doing it:
Begin with ¼ teaspoon of cayenne pepper mixed into a small glass of cold water. Drink it quickly, then follow with a full glass of cold water.
Every three days, increase the dosage by another ¼ teaspoon—always mixed in a little cold water—until you reach a full 1 teaspoon, taken three times daily.
This gradual build-up helps your system adjust to cayenne’s pungency while unlocking its many healing benefits. Don’t rush—listen to your body and go at a pace that feels right for you.
⚠️ Note: Always consult your healthcare provider if you have heart conditions, digestive ulcers, or other concerns. Cayenne is powerful—and like all powerful tools, it should be used with respect.
Let this fiery herb warm your heart, your blood, and your spirit—just as it did for the generations of herbalists before us.
In a world filled with processed foods, environmental toxins, and chronic health issues, many people are turning to the wisdom of traditional healing systems for answers. Among the most beloved voices in American herbalism is Dr. John R. Christopher, a passionate advocate for natural healing, vibrant living, and the body’s innate ability to restore itself when given the right support.
One of his most accessible and transformative offerings is the 3-Day Cleansing Program, paired with his teachings on the Mucusless Diet. Designed not only to detoxify the body but to revitalize the spirit, Christopher’s approach draws from ancient practices, natural hygiene principles, and a deep respect for the healing power of plants.
This article explores the core elements of Christopher’s short-term cleansing system—a regimen of fresh juices, mucus-free eating, and supportive herbal formulas—alongside the philosophical roots of his dietary teachings. Whether you’re a seasoned herbalist or a curious beginner seeking gentle, nature-based healing, Christopher’s program offers a doorway into deeper well-being through simplicity, nourishment, and spiritual alignment.
🌱 Who Was Dr. John R. Christopher?
Dr. John Raymond Christopher (1909–1983) was a trailblazer in American herbal medicine, a teacher, healer, and visionary who helped ignite a resurgence of interest in natural healing during the mid-20th century. Born with advanced rheumatoid arthritis and other serious health conditions, Christopher was no stranger to suffering. He was told as a child that he would not live to adulthood—but he defied that prognosis by turning to the healing power of herbs and whole foods.
After studying at institutions such as the Dominion Herbal College and Iowa’s Institute of Drugless Therapy, Christopher went on to earn his degree as a Master Herbalist and Naturopath. He practiced and taught extensively, developing over 50 herbal formulas—many still in use today—and helping countless individuals reclaim their health through natural methods.
His mission was deeply rooted in his Christian faith, and he believed that God had placed healing herbs on Earth for the benefit of all people. In 1953, he founded The School of Natural Healing, which continues to train herbalists and natural healers today under the guidance of his son, David Christopher.
John R. Christopher’s legacy lives on not only in his formulas and writings but in the lives of the many who have found hope and healing through his simple, powerful teachings. His most popular works—such as Herbal Home Health Care, Every Woman’s Herbal, and the 3-Day Cleansing Program and Mucusless Diet booklet—continue to inspire a back-to-nature approach to wellness grounded in personal responsibility, spiritual wholeness, and deep respect for the wisdom of the Earth.
🍎 The Mucusless Diet: A Clean Way of Eating
At the heart of Dr. John R. Christopher’s healing philosophy is a simple but radical idea: many of the common ailments we suffer from are caused or worsened by the accumulation of mucus-forming foods in the body. According to Christopher—and those who inspired him, such as German health reformer Arnold Ehret—mucus is not just an occasional inconvenience, but a sign that the body is overloaded, congested, and struggling to eliminate waste.
🥛 What Is Mucus-Forming Food?
In Christopher’s system, mucus-forming foods are those that leave behind sticky residues in the digestive tract and sinuses. These residues are believed to clog the body’s elimination pathways, weaken the immune system, and create the perfect breeding ground for disease.
Foods to avoid include:
Dairy (milk, cheese, yogurt)
Refined flour and white sugar
Processed and packaged foods
Fried and greasy foods
Meats and heavy starches
While not all of these are universally condemned in mainstream nutrition, Christopher argued that even so-called “healthy” cooked grains and animal products could slow detoxification and dull vitality when consumed regularly.
🍇 The Mucusless Way of Eating
In contrast, the mucusless diet emphasizes foods that are easy to digest, rich in living enzymes, and help sweep the body clean from the inside out. These include:
Fresh fruits (especially citrus, grapes, apples)
Raw vegetables (especially leafy greens, sprouts, cucumbers)
Freshly made vegetable juices
Herbal teas and infusions
Occasionally, lightly steamed vegetables or whole grains (in moderation)
This way of eating is designed to support the body’s elimination systems—especially the lungs, kidneys, bowels, and lymphatic system—while delivering high doses of vitamins, minerals, and plant-based energy.
Christopher’s aim was not to promote starvation or rigid restriction, but to encourage lightness, clarity, and wholeness through foods that cleanse and nourish simultaneously. For those who follow this path even temporarily, many report improvements in energy, digestion, skin clarity, and emotional well-being.
🧃 The 3-Day Cleansing Program: A Simple Detox for Body and Soul
Dr. John R. Christopher’s 3-Day Cleansing Program is a short but powerful natural detox designed to rest the digestive system, stimulate the body’s eliminative channels, and lay the foundation for long-term healing. It’s often recommended as an introductory step into herbalism and the mucusless lifestyle, making it a great reset for anyone seeking clarity, energy, and renewal.
The cleanse combines juice fasting, herbal support, and mucusless foods to assist the body’s innate healing intelligence. The program is intentionally simple and cost-effective—no fancy supplements, no complex protocols, just time-tested natural principles.
🌞 Day 1–2: Juice Fasting and Elimination
For the first two days, the body is gently ushered into a cleansing state with raw fruit and vegetable juices.
Daily instructions:
Drink as much freshly made fruit or vegetable juice as desired (grape, citrus, apple, carrot, beet, etc.).
Stay well-hydrated with herbal teas, distilled water, or lemon water.
Avoid solid foods to allow the digestive system to rest and the body to redirect energy toward detoxification.
“The juices should be fresh, raw, and, if possible, organically grown. You are not eating solid food at this time—just juice and herbal teas to cleanse the blood, bowels, and lymph.”
— Dr. John R. Christopher
During this time, the body will begin eliminating waste through the bowels, kidneys, skin, and lungs. Light exercise, hot baths, rest, and gentle stretching can help support the process.
🍲 Day 3: Transition with Light Nourishment
On the third day, you begin gently reintroducing solid foods—still within the guidelines of the mucusless diet.
Day 3 meal plan:
Breakfast: Fresh fruit or diluted fruit juice.
Lunch: Raw vegetable salad with lemon juice or apple cider vinegar (no oil).
Dinner: Steamed vegetables or a small amount of lightly cooked whole grain, like millet or brown rice (optional).
This day continues the cleansing while offering vital nourishment to rebuild and sustain energy levels. It also teaches the body that we can thrive on clean, simple foods—an empowering realization for many.
🌿 Herbal Companions
Dr. Christopher strongly recommended using his herbal formulas during the cleanse to amplify its benefits and support each eliminative system.
Commonly included:
Lower Bowel Formula: to promote regular elimination
Blood Stream Formula: to assist detoxification
Liver & Gallbladder Formula: to support hepatic function
Kidney Formula: to aid urinary cleansing
These formulas are typically taken in capsules, teas, or tinctures and are part of what makes the cleanse uniquely Christopher’s.
🧘 Why Three Days?
Three days is long enough to:
Reduce digestive burden
Begin mobilizing toxins
Provide visible results (like improved skin, lighter digestion, and mental clarity)
Yet it’s short enough to feel manageable for beginners, especially those intimidated by longer fasts or intense dietary overhauls.
“Healing doesn’t always require months of effort. Sometimes, the body just needs a few days of rest, real food, and the right herbs.”
— Dr. John R. Christopher
🌿 Herbal Formulas and Recipes: Nature’s Medicine Chest
A cornerstone of Dr. John R. Christopher’s healing approach was the use of herbal combinations—carefully crafted blends of medicinal plants designed to nourish, detoxify, and balance the body’s systems. Unlike isolated supplements or harsh pharmaceuticals, these formulas work gently and synergistically, supporting the natural rhythm of the body’s healing processes.
In his 3-Day Cleansing Program and Mucusless Diet booklet, Christopher includes a treasure trove of over 60 herbal recipes, each one focused on a different organ system or ailment.
Let’s highlight a few of the most important ones used during the cleanse:
🌱 1. Lower Bowel Formula
Purpose: Promotes regular elimination and colon detoxification.
Ingredients (may vary slightly by source):
Cascara Sagrada bark
Barberry root
Turkey rhubarb
Slippery elm bark
Ginger root
Red raspberry leaf
Lobelia herb
Fennel seed
Usage: Taken in capsule or tea form during the cleanse to stimulate the bowel and ensure waste is properly expelled.
“All disease begins in the bowel,” Christopher often reminded his students. A clean colon, in his view, was foundational to healing.
🌼 2. Blood Stream Formula
Purpose: Assists the body in purifying the blood and lymphatic system.
Common ingredients:
Red clover blossoms
Chaparral leaf
Burdock root
Oregon grape root
Licorice root
Stillingia root
Benefits: Supports clearer skin, more energy, and less toxic burden in the bloodstream—especially helpful for those with skin eruptions or sluggish lymph.
🌿 3. Liver-Gallbladder Formula
Purpose: Stimulates bile flow and supports the liver’s detoxification work.
Core herbs:
Dandelion root
Milk thistle seed
Barberry root
Wild yam root
Fennel seed
Ginger root
Use: Typically taken as a tea or tincture before meals to help the liver filter toxins more effectively during cleansing.
🍃 4. Kidney Formula
Purpose: Strengthens and supports kidney function to increase urination and release of metabolic waste.
Ingredients:
Juniper berries
Uva ursi leaf
Parsley root
Marshmallow root
Ginger root
Notes: Especially helpful during juice fasting when the kidneys take on extra work as the body begins to flush toxins from deep tissue stores.
🌺 Additional Formulas Include:
Anti-Gas & Digestive Tea
A soothing post-meal tea for bloating, discomfort, or sluggish digestion.
Herbal Eyewash
A topical rinse made from golden seal and bayberry, recommended for those with eye strain or irritation.
Cold Sheet Treatment
An intense herbal hydrotherapy protocol used in deeper detox programs (not part of the basic 3-day cleanse, but included in his wider teachings).
🫖 How to Use Herbal Recipes at Home
Dr. Christopher encouraged preparing formulas as decoctions or infusions using dried herbs. He offered this general guideline:
Basic Herbal Tea Instructions:
Use 1 teaspoon of dried herb (or 1 tablespoon if fresh) per cup of water.
Steep 10–15 minutes for leaves/flowers, or simmer 20–30 minutes for roots/barks.
Strain and sip 2–3 cups daily.
For convenience, many of Christopher’s original formulas are now sold in capsule, tincture, or tea blend form through The School of Natural Healing and other herbal outlets.
“Herbs are not drugs. They are whole foods for the body—God’s gifts to humanity, here to heal without harm.”
— Dr. John R. Christopher
✨ A Healing Philosophy Rooted in Spirit: The Worldview of Dr. John R. Christopher
Dr. John R. Christopher was more than an herbalist—he was a spiritual healer, a deeply devout Christian, and a man who believed that true healing touched the body, mind, and soul. His natural remedies were not simply about symptom relief; they were an invitation to return to the natural order, to align with divine wisdom, and to recognize the sacredness of the human body.
🙏 The Body as a Temple
For Christopher, the human body was a temple of the Holy Spirit—a sacred vessel that deserved reverence, care, and purity. This belief shaped everything he taught:
Food was not just fuel—it was divinely designed nourishment.
Herbs were not drugs—they were gifts from God, meant to aid, not override, the body’s processes.
Cleansing was not punishment—it was a form of repentance and renewal, allowing the body to be restored to the state God intended.
His approach echoes the Christian principle of stewardship: caring not just for the Earth, but for our bodies, minds, and communities as expressions of divine creation.
“Let your food be your medicine, and your medicine be your food,” Christopher often echoed, following in the footsteps of Hippocrates—but with a spiritual twist.
🌍 Return to Nature, Return to God
Christopher viewed modern civilization’s detachment from nature as a core cause of disease—not just physically, but morally and spiritually. He saw:
Processed food as symbolic of spiritual disconnection
Overreliance on pharmaceuticals as a lack of faith in natural law
Chronic illness as a call to repentance—not guilt, but a loving return to balance
In this worldview, healing is not a quick fix—it’s a transformation. It requires listening to the body, slowing down, honoring rhythms of nature, and trusting the Creator’s wisdom over the industrial machine.
🕊️ Healing as a Journey of Wholeness
Christopher’s protocols always invited people to slow down, simplify, and reconnect—with themselves, with creation, and with the Divine. His teachings wove together threads of:
Faith-based living (prayer, surrender, forgiveness)
Personal empowerment (taking responsibility for one’s health through education and practice)
He called for a kind of herbal discipleship—a lifestyle of simplicity, reverence, and care for life in all its forms.
“There are no incurable diseases,” he declared. “Only incurable people who will not try to heal.”
In that spirit, the 3-Day Cleansing Program is not just a detox. It is a ritual of renewal, a way of honoring the sacredness of life and saying yes to the body’s quiet invitation:
“Let me heal. I remember how.”
🌟 Reported Benefits & Modern Perspectives
Thousands of people over the decades have tried Dr. John R. Christopher’s 3-Day Cleansing Program and mucusless diet—and while scientific studies may not exist to validate every claim, the testimonies are compelling. From renewed energy to spiritual awakening, many who undertake the cleanse describe it as a turning point in their journey toward health and wholeness.
💬 Reported Benefits from Followers
Increased Energy and Mental Clarity
Many report a sudden lightness of being—less brain fog, better focus, and more natural vitality. Without heavy, mucus-forming foods taxing digestion, energy seems to rebound quickly.
Improved Digestion and Elimination
Thanks to the bowel-cleansing herbs and juice fasting, people often notice reduced bloating, more regular bowel movements, and less discomfort in the gut.
Clearer Skin and Eyes
By flushing toxins through the bowels, kidneys, and skin, the body may reveal its health through a glowing complexion and clearer eyes—something Christopher often noted in his own patients.
Reduced Inflammation and Mucus
Especially for those suffering from congestion, chronic sinus issues, or allergies, the mucusless diet often brings dramatic relief.
Spiritual and Emotional Detox
Many experience emotional breakthroughs, weeping, or spontaneous prayer and meditation. The simplicity of the cleanse often brings a sense of reconnection—with oneself, nature, and God.
🧪 Modern Critiques and Considerations
While the natural healing community celebrates Christopher’s work, mainstream medicine and nutritionists tend to offer a more cautious view.
Lack of Peer-Reviewed Research
The mucusless diet and herbal formulas have not undergone large-scale clinical trials. Most evidence remains anecdotal or rooted in naturopathic and traditional knowledge systems.
Mucus is Not the Enemy
Critics note that mucus plays a vital role in immune defense and digestive health. While excess mucus can signal imbalance, the body naturally produces it for protection and lubrication.
Juice Fasting May Not Suit Everyone
For diabetics, people with eating disorders, or those with underlying conditions, the cleanse may require modification or medical supervision. It’s gentle, but not risk-free.
Detox Myths?
Some dietitians argue that the body already has sophisticated detoxification systems (liver, kidneys, lymph) and doesn’t need extreme protocols. However, Christopher’s supporters counter that the modern lifestyle overloads these systems—and herbs simply assist what the body already does.
⚖️ Bridging the Gap: A Holistic View
What’s clear is that John R. Christopher’s legacy continues to inspire a generation of people longing for natural solutions—and that his methods, when applied thoughtfully, offer much more than physical results.
Even modern integrative doctors and functional medicine practitioners now embrace:
Periodic fasting
Plant-based healing
Gut and liver detox support
Mind-body-spirit connections
In this way, Christopher’s teachings—though not mainstream—are prophetic, pointing toward a more integrative and reverent model of care.
“Healing is not about killing disease. It’s about creating such a state of balance that disease cannot live there.”
— Paraphrased from Christopher’s teachings
🌈 Conclusion: A Return to Wholeness
Dr. John R. Christopher’s 3-Day Cleansing Program and mucusless diet offer more than a quick detox—they invite us into a deeper relationship with our own bodies, with nature, and with the sacred. In a world of processed foods, hurried living, and medical over-dependence, his gentle, grounded wisdom reminds us that healing is often about returning: returning to simplicity, to nourishment, to trust in the body’s design.
Whether you are drawn to the program for physical reasons—like improving digestion or boosting energy—or for spiritual renewal, the protocol is accessible, affordable, and profoundly rooted in love for life.
The beauty of this approach is its humility. It doesn’t promise miracles from outside the body. It says:
🕊️ “You were designed to heal. Let me help you remember how.”
✨ Final Encouragement
If you’re considering the cleanse, remember:
Start gently. Listen to your body.
Use organic juices and herbs whenever possible.
Support elimination with rest, warmth, movement, and prayer.
Be kind to yourself—healing is not linear, but it is sacred.
And perhaps most importantly: see this as a spiritual act. A ritual of reverence. A way of saying yes—to life, to wellness, and to the divine wisdom within and around you.
“Cleansing is not just what you take out of the body—but what you let go of in the spirit.”
— Sister Abigail Hester, OFC
📖 About the Author
Sister Abigail Hester, OFC is a certified nutritional consultant, herbalist, and founder of the Order of Franciscan Clareans—a new monastic movement committed to justice, simplicity, and radical love. A lifelong student of natural healing and contemplative spirituality, she weaves together the wisdom of the saints, the Earth, and the body in her writing and teaching.
Abigail draws inspiration from pioneers like Dr. John R. Christopher, Hildegard of Bingen, and the holistic traditions of folk herbalism, always with a queer and inclusive lens. She lives simply, loves boldly, and believes deeply in the sacred power of healing through nature.
Quotes • Water Infusion Recipes • Hydrotherapy Tips
🌿 Sacred Quotes About Water
“Water is life’s matter and matrix, mother and medium. There is no life without water.” — Albert Szent-Györgyi, Nobel Prize-winning biochemist
“Praised be You, my Lord, through Sister Water, who is very useful and humble and precious and chaste.” — St. Francis of Assisi
“A little pure water drunk early in the morning is a wholesome remedy.” — John Wesley, Primitive Physick
“Nature cures, but she must be given the opportunity.” — Dr. Sebastian Kneipp
“Drink pure water and you will think pure thoughts.” — Dr. Paul C. Bragg
🍋 Easy Water Infusion Recipes
Infused waters support hydration and natural detoxification while bringing joy to your daily routine. Try these combinations:
🌼 Refresh & Cleanse:
1 lemon slice
3 cucumber slices
4 mint leaves
Optional: pinch of sea salt Let steep in cold water for 15–30 minutes.
🍓 Radiance Water:
3–5 sliced strawberries
A few basil or mint leaves
Slice of lime Chill and enjoy. Great for skin health!
🌸 Calm & Comfort:
Chamomile tea bag (cold-steeped or brewed and cooled)
Thin slices of pear
Dash of cinnamon or clove Relaxing for evening routines or emotional self-care.
🌿 Digestive Tonic:
Slice of ginger root
Fennel seeds (1/4 tsp in a tea bag or infuser)
Lemon wedge Sip after meals for digestive support.
🚿 Simple Hydrotherapy at Home
Contrast Showers: Alternate 1–3 minutes of hot water with 30 seconds of cold water. Repeat 3–5 cycles. Finish with cold. Benefits: Boosts circulation, strengthens immunity, invigorates the nervous system.
Herbal Sitz Bath: Add chamomile, lavender, or calendula to a shallow warm bath. Sit for 15–20 minutes. Uses: Postpartum care, pelvic inflammation, spiritual grounding.
Cold Compress Revival: Soak a washcloth in cold water with a drop of peppermint oil. Apply to forehead or back of neck during fatigue, fever, or tension. Bonus: Add a short prayer or breath meditation while applying.
Foot Soak & Blessing: Warm water with Epsom salts, rosemary, and lavender. Soak feet 10–20 minutes. Use as a self-care ritual. Recite:
“Blessed are the feet that walk the path of healing.”